Questions p12

1. Endism is the idea that when new ideas come along, older ones are replaced

2. A media ecosystem is a system in which living organisms interact with one another and with their sorroundings and an ecosystem is always in a state of continuous ferment. Essentially, it is the collection of media sources found in our environment.

3. Narrowcasting television is T.V in which specialist content is aimed at subscription-based audiences and distributed via digital channels. i.e the media's way of aiming to get more money.

4. The web is enormous, but it's just one kind of traffic that runs on the internet's tracks and signalling. The internet is more than one kind of traffic running and signalling.

5. Push media is the media that can be consumed easily by everyone. e.g on TV channels one to five (terrestrial) as they are available to all. The opposite, pull media, is when the audience is consuming media which they have demanded. i.e digital t.v channels inculding HD etc..

6. Blogging gives people a way of sharing their ideas without having their intellectual merit judged. i.e they can post their ideas without as much or little alias as they like i.e with their name or annonymously, so theyare not under pressure.

Digital Technology and the Film Industry

Production - Digital technology has seen huge advances to the film industry. Films can be shot straight onto a Hard Drive rather than using a reel of film which is first of all MUCH cheaper (An average length feature film print costs around £700), also HardDrivess are smaller so they cost less to transport, and can hold much more footage than rolls of film. This allows more creativity in shooting a film as the low cost enables experimentation. Digital tehnology has opened more opertunities in post production aswell. This means that colours, lighting etc can be edited. It also introduces the possibilty of CGI which enables imaginative scenes that would be impossible to shoot profilmically.

Distribution - Delivery of film reels etc to cinemas has been a costly process in the past and the use of digital technology would irradicate this, enabling cinemas to download the encrypted film directly. Also, digital technology has introduced DVDs, a more appealing non-linear way of experiencing a film; there are often special features like deleted scenes, subtitles in several languages and interactive content. However, due to the publics increasing access to advanced technology, piracy is becoming more common, lowering cinema ticket sales because people are seeing the films before they are shown for example on illegal vidoe hosting sites on the internet. Hollywood claims piracy has cost it $6bn (£3.2bn), digitising films means that copies are easily made and distributed illegally which is a big threat to the industry.

Exhibition - A projection of a 35mm film roll picks up any imperfection in the frames like dust or scratches, impairing the visual experience whereas a projection of a film shot digitally gives a crystal clear picture, just as the director intended on any scale, from your ipod nano scrento a cinema. Advances in technology have introduced home cinema systems to the general public. This could be a threat to cinemas as one of the last deterrences of viewing DVDs or pirated films was the idea of the "cinema experience" beating any alternative, as this high definition, big screen, high sound quality is being brought into peoples front rooms, they are less likely to pay for it elsewhere. However, digital projectors in cinemas will bring a wide range of new oppertunities as they will be able to project anything with a digital input- from a youtube video to multiplayer gaming, possibly turning the cinema into a universal entertainment centre

Media Definitions

Key Terms from podcast and NMT Booklet

Digitality-The way in which software and programs are now formatted,using a serious of on/off electrical pulses and binary style code,with a make up of '0's and '1's. it is used in programming electrical appliances and computer formatting.
Interactivity-The way in which information is now compressed into smaller and fuller amounts of information so it can be transported and transfered more easily. Used in such electrical functions as television,cable television and sky,as well as ISDN modems for internet,with smaller compressed chunks it allows for information in a smaller bandwidth,more information in one feed.
Hypertextuality-This is the idea of having information and programs formatted in the linear form. the information isn't on one continuous long loop,its small snippets of information that can be seen and perceived in any order,such as chapters on a dvd,you can choose as and when where as on a standard VHS you hav to watch as a whole. this also applies for web linking,skipping chunks of information to access new ideas.
Dispersal-How the market is larger by using technology for both communication and purchasing/selling of goods.
Virtuality-This is the concept of how new technologies allow whole new worlds and groups of people to expand ideas using new sources of media.
Convergents-This is the idea of how new media technologies are merging and converging their ideas. for example how phones are now able to access the internet,work as mp3 players and have a camera. Another example of a piece of hardware that combines multiple technologies are games consoles, which now can include blu-ray dvd players, large hard drives, internet access, cameras and CD/Audio playign and recording.
Audience-this is who and how the new media technologies are being bought and advertised. It is said that you can reach world wide using the internet and share with all,but people form 3rd world countries wont have a computer or the internet so its not truly worldwide. Who actually has access,its not everybody,the media makes out everyone has it.
Regulation and Control-is there control over the new technologies such as copyright such as downloading illegal music and using proxy sites to avoid computer restrictions. by copying and sharing music the price of cds are allot cheaper to compete with the market.
Ownership-Does this make a difference is Microsoft or sony own the media technology,such as apple dominating the mp3 market. with the 3 new consoles on the market from 3 mainstream companies it means competition arises.

Personalisation a characteristic of many NMTs is their ability to offer users a personalised experience. For example, Sky+ allows users to personalise their viewing schedule including the ability to pause live TV and automatically record their favourite programmes. Ipods and the Itunes store allow music to be more personalised than ever, with users enjoying the ability to buy just the tracks they want from an album and then listen to them anywhere.

Linear/ Non-Linear Linear experiences are those that move in a straight line from start to finish. Watching a film at the cinema is a very linear experience in that you start watching at the beginning of the film and and finish watching it when it ends. Interactive TV allows the audience to experience programmes in a number of ways by offering features such as an alternative voiceover, extra video footage or explanatory text. When used, each individual will have a unique experience of the programme depending on when he or she presses the red button. the viewing experience therefore can be described as non-linear.

Regulatory Bodies: The Press

About the PCC

• The PCC (Press Complaints Commission) is an organisation that deals with complaints from members of the public about topics and issues that arise in the press particularly things like the editorial content of newspapers and magazines.
• Their main aim is to resolve the complaints as quickly as they can. As well as dealing with complaints, the PCC deals with a substantial number of calls from members of the public about their service and the code.

History

• During the 1980s, a small number of publications failed in the view of many to observe the basic ethics of journalism. This reinforced a belief among many members of Parliament that the press council was not a sufficiently effective body. Some of them believed that it would be preferable to enact a law of privacy and right of reply as well as to set up a statutory press council wielding enforceable legal sanctions.In June 1990 Calcutt's report was published. Rather than suggesting new statutory controls, it recommended the setting up of a new press complaints comission in place of the Press council. This new comission would have 18months to demonstrate“that non-statutory self-regulation can be made to work effectively. This is a stiff test for the press. If it fails, we recommend that a statutory system for handling complaints should be introduced.”In 1995 the Government recognised the achievements of the PCC in making effective press self- regulation in its white paper- "Privacy and Media Intrusion". And in 2003 a house of commons select committee concluded that “overall, standards of press behaviour, the Code and the performance of the Press Complaints Commission have improved over the last decade”. To date, the Commission has handled well over 30,000 complaints.

Example of a past Adjudication

- A married couple, FHM Magazine

A married couple complained to the Press Complaints Commission through solicitors that a photograph of their daughter, featured in the April 2007 edition of FHM, had been published without consent and intruded into her privacy in breach of Clause 3 (Privacy) and Clause 6 (Children) of the Code of Practice.
The complaint was upheld.
A topless photograph of the complainants’ daughter had been published in a gallery of mobile phone snapshots provided by the magazine’s readers. The complainants’ solicitors said that the photograph was taken in 2005 when their daughter was 14. The publication of the photograph – which had been published without any form of consent – represented a serious intrusion into the girl’s privacy and had had a significant effect on her emotionally and at school.
The magazine said that it received approximately 1,200 photographs for publication each week from or on behalf of women posing topless or in lingerie. It was extremely surprised to learn that the photograph was taken when the complainants’ daughter was 14 years old as she certainly appeared to be older. It had no reason to believe that the image was taken without her consent. The magazine had been informed that the complainants’ daughter was in a cohabiting relationship with the person who submitted the photograph and, in those circumstances, no further enquiries about the image were made. Nonetheless, the magazine – which had introduced new measures to ensure that the situation would not occur again – confirmed that the image would not be republished or syndicated and offered to write a private letter of apology to the complainant.

Decision: Upheld

Adjudication: The publication of a topless photograph of the complainants’ daughter without consent represented a serious intrusion into her private life. This would have been the case regardless of how old she was, but the Commission was particularly concerned about the impact on the girl in light of her youth. The magazine had clearly not taken any sort of adequate care to establish the provenance of the photograph and whether it was right to publish it. It should have been much quicker to recognise the damage that publication would have caused the girl, and offered to publish an apology or take other steps to remedy the situation to the satisfaction of the complainant. Failure to respond in a swift and proportionate manner aggravated what was a significant breach of the Code.

Media Magazine - questions

The fourth estate is the press, one of the four estates proposed by Edmund Burke in the 18th Centuary (amongst parliament, religion and the courts) He said it is 'the most important estate of all'
I think new media technology is mainly responsible for the decline of newspaper consumption. The fact that most news we want is available online at the touch of a button is one reason, another is that newspapers just dont have the same appeal as they once did. Before the rapid incline of digital technology, the only way for people to find out things such as weather, sport results etc was through a newspaper (teletext was present albeit limited) but now, all of this information is available online or on a 24hour satellite Tv station at will.
Nick lacey says "maybe the internet is already the cyberspace of the fourth estate"?
I believe this to mean that new media technologies such as internet and sattelite tv 'the new media' in general has come to replace 'the press' as the fourth estate in this modern age.